The retrospective history of the Philippines

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• The history in general of the Philippines

• The Philippines under Spanish colonial rule (1521–1898)
• The Philippines under U.S. and Japanese imperial rule (1898–1946)
• The history of the independent Republic of the Philippines up to 1986

Southern Philippines' uneasy history

By Jonathan Head, BBC News Online, Tuesday 20 February 2001. There have been previous attempts to reach a peace agreement with the south which have all so far failed to end the fighting. The armed conflict between Muslim separatists and the army in the southern Philippines has continued since the days of martial law under former President Marcos nearly 30 years ago.

Mindanao: a miniature history

By Carmen A Abubaker, Le Monde diplomatique, September 2003. The Mindanao conflict dates from the 16th century, when the Spanish sent military expeditions from Manila to subjugate the Muslims—whom they called Moros, after the Moors of Spain—and convert them to Christianity. A religious and cultural divide in Philippines society that has not yet been mended.

Imperial Amnesia

By John B. Judis, Foreign Policy, July/August 2004. Bush credited the United States for transforming the Philippines into a democracy. But this rendition of Philippine-American history bore little relation to fact. Relation of U.S. to Philippine independence and democracy.