Timeline: Uruguay

BBC News, Wednesday 2 March 2005, 17:20 GMT

A chronology of key events

1516—Spanish navigator Juan Diaz de Solis killed by indigenous people while exploring the Rio de la Plata, his death discouraging further European colonisation for more than 100 years.

1726—Spanish found Montevideo and take over Uruguay from the Portuguese; many of the indigenous people are killed.

1776—Uruguay becomes part of the Vice-royalty of La Plata, which has its capital at Buenos Aires.

1808—Uruguay rebels against the Vice-royalty of La Plata following the overthrow of the Spanish monarchy by Napoleon Bonaparte.

1812-20—Orientales, or Uruguayans from the eastern side of the River Plata, fight against Argentinian and Brazilian invaders.

Independence and war

1828—Brazil, Argentina renounce claims to territories which become the Eastern Republic of Uruguay.

1830—Constitution approved.

1838-65—Civil war between Whites—the future conservative party - and Colorados, or Reds—the future liberals.

1865-70—Uruguay joins Argentina and Brazil in war against Paraguay, which is defeated.

1903-15—Reformist Jose Batlle y Ordonez (Colorado Party) gives women the franchise and establishes a welfare state, disestablishes the church and abolishes the death penalty during two successive terms as president.

1933—Opposition groups excluded from politics following military coup.

1951—President replaced with nine-member council in accordance with new constitution.

Dictatorship, guerrilla warfare, return to democracy

1962—Campaign by Tupamaros guerrillas begins and lasts until 1973.

1971—British ambassador to Uruguay Geoffrey Jackson kidnapped by Tupamaros guerrillas and held for eight months. He is freed shortly after a mass jail break-out by Tupamaros convicts which officials deny was arranged in exchange for Jackson's release.

1972—Sixteen survivors of an Uruguayan plane which crashes in the Andes stay alive by eating the flesh of passengers who died. The survivors, mainly members of an Uruguayan rugby team, are trapped for 10 weeks.

1973—Armed forces seize power and promise to encourage foreign investment, but usher in a period of extreme repression during which Uruguay becomes known as the torture chamber of Latin America and accumulates the largest number of political prisoners per capita in the world.

1984—Violent protests against repression and deteriorating economic conditions.

1985—Army and political leaders agree on return to constitutional government and the release of political prisoners; law grants amnesty to members of the armed forces accused of human rights violations during years of dictatorship; Julio Maria Sanguinetti becomes president.

1989—Referendum endorses amnesty for human rights abusers; Lacalle Herrera elected president.

1994—Julio Maria Sanguinetti elected president.

1999—Jorge Batlle elected president.

2000—Commission begins investigating the fate of 160 people who disappeared during the years of military dictatorship.

2002 April—Uruguay breaks diplomatic ties with Cuba, after Cuba accuses it of being a US lackey for sponsoring a UN resolution which calls on Havana to implement human rights reforms.

Financial crisis

2002 May—Emergency measures, including tax increases, are announced by President Batlle in an effort to prevent Argentina's financial crisis from spilling over the border.

2002 August—Government orders banks to close for almost a week to stop mass withdrawal of savings. General strike held in protest at economic crisis.

2003 April—World Bank approves loans worth more than $250m.

2003 December—Voters in referendum reject plans to open up state oil monopoly to foreign investment.

2004 May—Senate votes to reject a bill that would have legalised abortion.

2004 November—Left-winger Tabare Vazquez wins presidential elections, marking a dramatic political shift.

2005 March—President Vazquez is sworn in. Within hours he restores ties with Cuba, signs an energy deal with Venezuela and announces a welfare package to tackle poverty.